This review, based on data from international literature, is devoted to assessing the current state of development of combination antibacterial agents (ABAs) against bacterial pathogens of critical priority. Literature sources were searched in electronic databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and SpringerLink.

In May 2024, the World Health Organization published an updated “List of Priority Bacterial Pathogens”, which includes 15 families of antibiotic-resistant bacteria divided into groups of critical, high, and medium priority. Bacterial pathogens of critical priority, including gram-negative bacteria resistant to last-resort β-lactam antibiotics, occupy a special place in this list. These include Acinetobacter baumannii, which is resistant to carbapenems, and Enterobacterales, which are resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. Additionally, rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is classified as a pathogen of critical priority.

It has been established that between May 2017 and December 2023, four combination ABAs were approved by foreign regulatory authorities (cephalosporin Fetroja, carbapenems Vabomere and Recarbrio, and the combination agent Xacduro). Two drugs (Fetroja and Xacduro) are active against carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii; three drugs (Fetroja, Vabomere, and Recarbrio) are active against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. For infections caused by Enterobacterales resistant to third-generation cephalosporins and M. tuberculosis resistant to rifamycins, new combination ABAs have not yet been introduced into clinical practice.

Fifteen combination ABAs are currently undergoing clinical trials at various phases (Phase III — six ABAs, Phase II — one ABA, Phase I — eight ABAs). Among the developer countries, the USA is the leader (eight ABAs), followed by Japan (six ABAs). Additional development efforts are underway in China, India, France, Germany, Italy, and Canada.

Contribution:
Alimov А.V. — edition;
Nogovitsyna L.V. — design of the study, data processing, writing the text;
Cherkashina N.V. — concept of the study, edition;
Kolchanova N.V. — collection of materials, data processing;
Kotel′nikov R.V. — collection of materials;
Zakharova Yu.A. — edition.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding source. This study was not supported by any external sources of funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no apparent or potential conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.

Received: 10.01.2026 / Accepted: 20.03.2026 / Published: 10.04.2026

Introduction. Tick-borne viral encephalitis is reported in 35 countries across Eurasia. Due to climate change, which can affect the activity of the disease vector, it is necessary to update the timing of non-specific infection prevention measures.

Aim — retrospectively study changes in the calendar dates of visits to medical facilities in Russian regions by individuals affected by tick bites.

Materials and methods. Data was taken from the Reference Center for Monitoring Tick-borne Viral Encephalitis of the Irkutsk Anti-Plague Research Institute for 2008–2024 was used. Data on changes in average annual air temperatures in regions of the Russian Federation endemic for tick-borne viral encephalitis were obtained from the Statbase open data database.

Results. Analysis showed that from 2018–2024, temperatures increased by an average of 0.6°C compared to 2008–2017. Moreover, the first bites were registered, on average, in the third 10-day period of March (in 2018–2024, in the first ten-day period of April). The peak number of tick-borne injuries occurs in the 22^nd–24^th calendar weeks, and the first cases of tick-borne viral encephalitis are registered in the 21^st.4^th average calendar week. Taking these data into account, acaricidal treatments should begin in the 13^th–14^th calendar weeks (last week of March – 1^st week of April) for most Russian regions. Combined with mandatory repeat anti-tick treatments, this will minimize the number of tick-borne injuries and improve epidemiological stability with respect to tick-borne viral encephalitis throughout the epidemic season.

Conclusion. When planning acaricidal work, it is necessary to consider geographic differences in average annual air temperature, calendar dates of registration of the first cases of tick bites in the regions of the country, as well as the weather conditions of the current epidemic season.

Contribution:
Nikitin A.Ya. — concept and design of the study, data processing, writing the text; editing;
Yatsmenko E.V. — collection of materials, data processing;
Tolmacheva M.I. — data processing, editing, translation;
Sidorova E.A. — study concept and design, editing;
Prelovskaya M.A. — data processing; document preparation;
Balakhonov S.V. — concept and design of the study, editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding source. This study was not supported by any external sources of funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no apparent or potential conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.

Received: 16.12.2025 / Accepted: 04.02.2026 / Published: 10.04.2026

Introduction. Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a serious threat to patients, leading to increased morbidity, mortality, and significant economic losses. In Europe alone, over 4 million cases of HAIs are recorded annually, while experts estimate that the actual number in Russia may be 50 times higher than official statistics. Particularly dangerous are bacteria of the ESKAPE group, which are highly virulent and resistant to antibiotics and account for approximately 70–75% of HAI pathogens in Russia.

Various preventive measures are used to combat HAIs, among which air and surface disinfection plays a key role. One effective modern method is ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, which utilizes the bactericidal action of UV radiation.

Objective. The study was conducted at military medical facilities to evaluate the effectiveness of domestic UV irradiators and recirculators.

Materials and Methods. The study evaluated various equipment models, conducted microbiological monitoring of air and surfaces, and monitored ozone concentrations.

Results. The results demonstrated the high effectiveness of UV recirculators in reducing total microbial counts (TMC) in the air, as well as in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The use of open-type UV irradiators also demonstrated a significant reduction in TMC in the air and effective surface disinfection, including against resistant bacterial strains. The studies confirmed the equipment's compliance with technical requirements and its safety, showing that ozone concentrations do not exceed established standards.

Conclusion. Therefore, UV recirculators are recommended for rooms with high air quality requirements (operating rooms, intensive care units), while irradiators are recommended for disinfecting surfaces and air in smaller spaces. The combined use of UV methods in conjunction with other disinfection measures effectively reduces the risk of HAIs in healthcare facilities.

Contribution:
Mukhachev I.S. — writing the article, responsible for the integrity of all parts of the article, and approval of the final version;
Shorokhov T.A. — conducting the research, writing the article, and editing;
Kildyashev M.A. — conducting the research;
Volynkov I.O. — conducting the research, writing the article.
All co-authors — integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Funding source. This study was not supported by any external sources of funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no apparent or potential conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.

Received: 07.07.2025 / Accepted: 26.10.2025 / Published: 10.12.2025

Introduction. When studying insect resistance, it is important to use standard laboratory cultures sensitive to insecticides. This includes the S-NIID german cockroach culture, which has been bred in the insectary of the Institute of Disinfection for 50 years. During the study, the S-NIID german cockroach (Blattella germanica) demonstrated a response to topical insecticide application consistent with that of known insecticide-sensitive cultures, such as UCR, JWax-S, SUS, and others.

The aim of the work is to description of the process of development of resistance of the German cockroach to pyrethroids from an evolutionary point of view (using the example of the sensitivity of 20 geographically separated populations of the German cockroach to 6 pyrethroids of different structures).

Materials and Methods. The study assessed the resistance of 20 German cockroach populations from various Russian cities to six active ingredients of the pyrethroid group. Statistical analysis was performed using the Finney method.

Results. Data on the resistance of the German cockroach (Blattella germanica) to pyrethroids when applied topically are presented. The study was conducted on samples from populations collected in Moscow, the Moscow and Kaluga regions, Yekaterinburg, Magnitogorsk, and Blagoveshchensk. A mosaic pattern of resistance was identified. Resistance to cypermethrin, the most commonly used insecticide, ranged from 5,4 to > 4000 in Moscow, from 417 to > 4000 in the Moscow region, from> 4000 in the Kaluga region, from 133 to > 833 in Yekaterinburg, and from 73 to 91 in Blagoveshchensk.

Conclusion. Resistant populations of the German cockroach are present in Russian cities from Moscow to Blagoveshchensk, with 95% of these populations characterized as resistant or highly resistant to pyrethroids. Rotation of active ingredients based on their mechanisms of action on insects is recommended.

Limitations of the study. The research aims to study the resistance of the German cockroach to pyrethroids of various structures and is of interest to specialists involved in disinfection activities in the field of disinfestation.

Contributions:
Eremina O.Yu. — study concept and design, data processing;
Olifer V.V. — data collection, introduction to insect culture and breeding.
All co-authors — conducted entomological and toxicological studies, wrote and edited the text, approved the final version of the article, and are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Funding. This study was not supported by any external sources of funding.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no apparent or potential conflicts of interest related to the publication of this article.

Received: 30.01.2026 / Accepted: 25.03.2026 / Published: 10.04.2026